What is a Signal?
Gestures, actions, sounds, expressions tell us some information, and these are the ways of communicating one to other. Similarly signal is a way of communicating by sending information from one system to other system. In other words signal is a function that represents information or data.
Signal is an electromagnetic wave that carries information through physical medium. Here the data is converted into electromagnetic signal either as analog or digital and sent from sender to receiver.
Voltage and current are few time varying quantities that are used to represent data, by varying these quantities with respect to time data can be transmitted. Similarly signal is also represented as the function of the frequency domain rather than time domain.
For communicating between two systems, a message signal is passed through encoder and modulator to transmit through a medium while it is passed through decoder and demodulator to receive the message signal at the other end.
Signals are divided into two categories based on their nature.
Signals which are
- Signal which are Continuous as time varying in nature are analog signals
- Signal which are discrete are called digital signals.
Analog Signals
Analog signal is a form of electrical energy (voltage, current or electromagnetic power) for which there is a linear relationship between electrical quantity and the value that the signal represents.
The signal whose amplitude takes any value in a continuous range is called analog signal.
Analog Signals are continuous in nature which vary with respect to time. They can be periodic or non-periodic.
Voltage, current, frequency, pressure, sound, light, temperature are the physical variables that are measured with respect to their changes with respect to time to obtain information.
When voltage versus time graph is plotted we see curve with continuous values like sine waves.
These signals are more subjected to noise as they travel through the medium, these noises result in information loss in the signal.
Analog to digital converter converts analog signal to digital signal by a process called sampling and quantization. Sound waves are converted to sequence of samples by the process Sampling
Examples of analog signals:
Conventional (old) transmitters, transducers convey data in analog mode.
The signals include audio signals transmitted through wires, video signals broadcasted using older technology, radio signals, and analog watches.
Digital Signals
The signal, whose amplitude takes only limited values is called Digital signal.
Digital signal are discrete, they contain only distinct values.
Digital signals carry binary data i.e. 0 or 1 in form of bits, it can only contain one value at a period of time. Digital signals are represented as square waves or clock signals.
The minimum value is 0 volts whereas maximum value is 5 volts.
Digital signals are less subjected to noise compared to analog signal.
Transmission of digital data in analog channel is done by process called Modulation.
Amplitude modulation is a process in which digital data is converted to analog signals using single frequency carrier signal. Similarly FREQUENCY shift keying uses a constant amplitude carrier signal and two frequencies to differentiate between 1 and 0.
Nowadays usage of digital signals for transmitting information has increased rapidly in every field of usage as the applications and properties of digital signals are more productive compared to analog signals.
Examples of digital signals:
- Smart transmitters using various protocols transmit data through analog and digital signals.
- Digital watches.
- Digital video signals.
- CD’s.
- DVD’s.
- Computer.
Difference between Analog and Digital Signals
| Analog Signals | Digital Signals |
| Analog signal is continuous and time varying. | Digital signal have two or more states and in binary form. |
| Troubleshooting of analog signals are difficult. | Troubleshooting of digital signals are easy. |
| An analog signal is usually in the form of sine wave. | An digital signal is usually in the form of square wave. |
| Easily affected by the noise. | These are stable and less prone to noise. |
| Analog signals use continous values to represent the data. | Digital signals use discrete values to represent the data. |
| Accuracy of the analog signals may be affected by noise. | Accuracy of the digital signals are immune from the noise. |
| Analog signals may be affected during data transmission. | Digital signals are not affacted during data transmission. |
| Analog signals use more power. | Digital signals use less power. |
| Examples: Temperature, Pressure, Flow measurements, etc. | Examples: Valve Feedback, Motor Start, Trip, etc. |
| Components like resistors, Capacitors, Inductors, Diodes are used in analog circuits. | Components like transistors, logic gates, and micro-controllers are used in Digital circuits. |
Author: R.Jagan Mohan Rao
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