What is Live Zero in 4-20 mA Current Loop ?
The popular myth about 4-20 mA, debunked. A lot of C&I practitioners (including me) has long believed that the establishment of 4 mA as the lower range of the widely...
Home » Basics
Category : Basics
Instrumentation Engineering Basics
How to Convert Current to Voltage using Resistor ?
In this article, we discuss about How to Convert Current to Voltage using Resistor with different examples like 0-20 mA to 0-10 VDC Conversion, 4-20 mA to 2-10 VDC Conversion,...
Control and Instrumentation Engineer Study Guide
Are you an Control and Instrumentation Engineer ? Recently joined as a Fresher or Trainee engineer in Instrumentation department ? then this article helps you to get an overall outlook...
BASICS OF TRIPS, INTERLOCKS, PERMISSIVES & SEQUENCES
This post provides information about basics of Trip, Interlock, Permissive and Sequences which are regularly used in instrumentation control systems like ESD, DCS, PLC etc. Trip: The term Trip refers to an action that...
Transmitters 4-20mA Current Failure Alarm Limits
4-20 mA instrumentation and controls usually support a signal range slightly below 4 mA and above 20 mA. For transmitters, current values below 4 mA and above 20 mA are...
Basics of Loop Checks
The term “loop” can refer to the entire “control loop” from primary element (sensor) through the transmitter, and controller, to the valve positioner, and the final control element (valve). The...
How a 4-20mA Transmitter Works ?
A sensor is an input device that provides a usable output in response to the input measurand. A sensor is also commonly called a sensing element, primary sensor, or primary detector....
4-20 mA Transmitter Wiring Types : 2-Wire, 3-Wire, 4-Wire
Transmitters are available with a wide variety of signal outputs. The 4-20mA analogue signal is by far the most commonly used in industrial applications. Several physical 4-20mA wiring options exist....
Loop Check of 4-20mA or HART Transmitters
Do you know about Loop Check of 4-20mA or HART Transmitters or Instruments Loop check procedure ? This article provides the basic info about loop checks of field instruments. Loop Check...
Sink or Source? Normally Open or Normally Closed?
We discuss about concepts of Sink or Source used in electrical circuits or in PLC wiring. Also we deal with basics of normally open contact or normally closed contact which...