Guided-wave Radar Level Measurement Animation
The following animation shows how a radio-energy pulse travels down and then up the wave guide of a guided-wave radar level instrument, relating the peaks on an echo curve to...
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Instrumentation Engineering Animations
How a 4-20mA Transmitter Works ?
A sensor is an input device that provides a usable output in response to the input measurand. A sensor is also commonly called a sensing element, primary sensor, or primary detector....
Control Valve Working Animation
Control valves are valves used to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid level by fully or partially opening or closing in response to signals received from controllers...
Normally-open and Normally-closed Switch Contacts
Perhaps the most confusing aspect of discrete sensors is the definition of a sensor’s normal status. Electrical switch contacts are typically classified as either normally-open or normally-closed, referring to the open...
What is Seal-in Circuit ?
A Seal-in circuit is a method of maintaining current flow after a momentary switch has been pressed and released. What is Seal-in Circuit ? Fig 1 : Start button not...
Animation of Electromagnetic Relay
When a voltage is applied to the coil, a current passes through it and this creates a magnetic circuit which includes the core, armature and the yoke. The core attracts...
Scintillation Counter Principle
A scintillation counter is an instrument for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by using the excitation effect of incident radiation on a scintillator material and detecting the resultant light pulses. It consists of...
Area Velocity Flow Meter Principle
Measure open channel flow without a flume or weir. An Area-Velocity Flow Meter continuously measures both Level and Velocity to calculate flow volume in an open channel or pipe. Area...
Transit Time Flowmeter Principle
Transit Time flow meter measure the time it takes for an ultrasonic signal transmitted from one transducer to cross a pipe and be received by a second transducer. Upstream and downstream...
MOS Type Gas Sensor Principle
MOS Type Gas Sensor Principle In clean air, donor electrons in tin dioxide are attracted toward oxygen which is adsorbed on the surface of the sensing material, preventing electric current...