A control loop is a process management system designed to maintain a process variable at a desired set point.
Each step in the loop works in conjunction with the others to manage the system. Once the set point has been established, the control loop operates using a four-step process.
Control Loop
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The Control Loop Steps :
Sense :
Measure the current condition of the process using a sensor, which can be a thermocouple or RTD transmitter.
Compare :
Evaluate the measurement of the current condition against the set point using an electronic PID controller.
Respond :
Reacts to any error that may exist between the measured temperature value and the temperature set point by generating a corrective pneumatic signal.
Affect :
Actuate the control valve that will produce a change in the process variable.
The loop continually cycles through the steps, affecting the process variable (water temperature) in order to maintain the desired temperature set point.
Principle :
An electronic sensor (thermocouple, RTD or transmitter) installed at the measurement location continuously sends an input signal to the controller.
At set intervals, the controller compares this signal to a predefined set point. If the input signal deviates from the set point, the controller sends a corrective electric output signal to the control element.
This electric signal must be converted to a pneumatic signal when used with an air operated valve.
Using a I/P Transducer, which converts a 4 to 20 mA electric signal to a 3 to 15 PSI air signal and sends the respective air supply to the Control Valve Positioner.
The valve positioner adjusts the control valve stem position and regulates the flow through the control valve, accordingly the temperature controls. This loop repeats until controller achieves setpoint.
Understanding a Control Loop :
Heat Exchanger Control Loop Example
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