A capacitor bank is a physical group of several capacitors that are of the common specifications are connected in series or parallel with each other to form a capacitor bank that store electrical energy.
The capacitor bank so formed is then used to correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an AC (alternative current) power supply.
Capacitor Bank
Let us go through some basics of electrical power system that makes us to know the importance of capacitor bank.
Types of Electrical Loads
In the electrical distribution system, loads are placed in one of three categories:
- Resistive ( Incandescent light, heater)
- Inductive ( Motor, A/C, Refrigerator)
- Capacitive ( Capacitor)
Among the above three the most common of these on modern systems is the inductive load. General examples includes common lighting, transformer, AC induction motors, and furnaces etc., which draw not only active power from the supply but also reactive power (KVAR).
A Common property of these inductive loads is that they utilize a winding to produce an electromagnetic field. Inductive field, which allows the motor to function and requires certain amount of electrical power in order to maintaining the field.
Active or Real Power
Active Power (KW) actually performs the work, it is the actual power measured in watts. It is product of Voltage, current, and Cos Ф.
Cos Ф is the angle between the voltage and current.
Reactive Power
Power required to establish magnetic fields around inductive components (lagging reactive power) and electric fields (leading reactive power) in capacitance components and then supply back into the supply system as these fields fall to zero.
The power which flows back and forth that means it moves in both the directions does not do any work in the circuit is called reactive power. Unit of measurement is VAR. product of Voltage, current, and sin Ф.
Almost all electrical devices are inductive in nature. Reactive Power (KVAR) sustains the electro-magnetic field. Even though the reactive power is necessary for the equipment to operate correctly but could be understand as an undesirable burden on the supply.
Reactive power along with actual power which increases current in wire (real power current + reactive power current) also reduces power factor (pf).
Since electricity board charge only for active power the capacitor cannot generate or consume real power.
Since industries use inductive load it also uses huge amount of i2R losses in the wire resulting in more capacity grid and expenses for electricity board. Thus electricity boards not only measure active power but also measure reactive power.
Reactive power can be compensated by installing capacitor not one but many (usually bank which operates as per power factor being bad). The capacitor bank helps in increasing power factor (pf).
Apparent Power
The combination of above two power is called apparent power. The unit of measurement is VA. The apparent power is a product of voltage and current.
Power Factor
Basically, power is the capacity to do work. In electrical engineering, electrical power is the amount of electrical energy that can be transferred to some other form such as heat, light etc., per unit time.
The power factor is the ratio of actual power to the apparent power delivered to the load.
Power factor = Real or Actual power (KW)/Apparent power (kVA)
Uses of a Capacitor Bank
Since majority of the industrial loads are of inductive nature, they require certain proportion of reactive power for them to function.
This reactive power is provided by the capacitor bank installed parallel to the load.
Capacitor banks act as a source of local reactive power and thus less reactive power flow through the line.
By using a capacitor bank, the power factor can be maintained near to unity. Improving power factor is the process of reducing the phase difference between voltage and current.
Basically capacitor banks reduce the phase difference between the voltage and current.
On the addition of power bank, the current leads the voltage, hence the power factor angle is reduced. Reduction in power factor angle indicate the improvement of power factor.
Capacitor bank is used for reactive power compensation and power factor correction in the electrical substation.
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About the author
An astute professional with 25 years of service as an Instrumentation Engineer, started a career in Pulp & Paper. In the course of time, shifted to Power plant, Cellulose unit, Chemical plants (Carbon di Sulphide, Clo2, and Sulphuric Acid), Oil and Gas (Exploration & Production).