Instrument Percent of Span Error
An important part of performing instrument calibration is determining the extent of an instrument’s error. Error is usually measured in percent of span. Instrument Percent of Span Error Calculate the...
What is Sensor Trim and Output Trim in Smart Transmitter?
Analog electronic process transmitters typically have only two calibration adjustments: one for zero and another for span. Occasionally you may find an analog electronic transmitter with a third adjustment: one...
How to Use the Shift and Rotate Instructions in PLC?
Let’s study the working shift and rotate instructions and its function in Siemens PLC programming with example ladder logic. Shift and Rotate Instructions in PLC Block Description Shift Right Integer:...
How to Choose a Control Valve?
When choosing a control valve for a process, there are many things that must be considered, including the valve’s flow characteristic, its size, noise, the potential for cavitation or flashing...
How to Configure a Smart Transmitter Using a HART Communicator?
The following instructions describe how to configure a 2 wire Radar smart transmitter with HART communicator using an Emerson 475 Field Communicator. The 475 Field Communicator used for this article...
Determine Resistance value of Resistors
Determine the nominal resistance values of these resistors, given their band colors, and also express the allowable tolerance in ohms (i.e. what the minimum and maximum acceptable resistance values are...
Pressure Control Loop Wiring Connections
This pictorial diagram shows the wiring connections for a simple pressure control loop, where a loop- powered 4-20 mA pressure transmitter sends a signal to a Honeywell controller, which in...
pH Transmitter Problem
A newly-installed pH transmitter does not seem to be measuring the pH of the process liquid accurately. The indicating controller’s display does not match the display of the hand-held pH...
Types of Cable Trays – Purpose, Advantages, Disadvantages
Cable tray systems are alternatives to wire ways and electrical conduit, which completely enclose cables. Cable trays are capable of supporting all types of wiring: such as High Voltage Power...
Current-to-Pressure Transducer Calibration Table
Suppose you wish to calibrate a current-to-pressure (“I/P”) transducer to an output range of 3 to 15 PSI, with an input range of 4 to 20 mA. Complete the following...