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Topics: 11 - Electron Tubes

You are here:
  • Home
  • Vol. III - Semiconductors
  • 11 - Electron Tubes

Introduction to Electron Tubes

Triode

Electron Tube Parameters

Gas-filled Ionization Tubes

Display Tubes

Microwave Tubes

Early Vacuum Tube History

Tetrode

Beam Power Tubes

Pentode

Combination Tubes

Electron Tubes versus Semiconductors

  • Vol. I - Direct Current (DC)
    • 1 - Basic Concepts Of Electricity
      • Static Electricity
      • Conductors, Insulators, and Electron Flow
      • Electric Circuits
      • Voltage and Current
      • Resistance, Electrical Switches
      • Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit
      • Conventional versus Electron Flow
    • 2 - Ohm's Law
      • How Voltage, Current, and Resistance Relate
      • An analogy for Ohm’s Law
      • Power in Electric Circuits
      • Calculating Electric Power
      • Resistors
      • Nonlinear Conduction
      • Circuit Wiring
      • Polarity of Voltage Drops
      • Computer Simulation of Electrical Circuits
    • 3 - Electrical Safety
      • The Importance of Electrical Safety
      • Physiological Effects of Electricity
      • Shock Current Path
      • Ohm’s Law (again!)
      • Safe Practices
      • Emergency Response
      • Common Sources of Electrical Hazard
      • Safe circuit design
      • How to Use Multimeter Safely?
      • Electric Shock Data
    • 4 - Scientific Notation & Metric Prefixes
      • Scientific Notation
      • Arithmetic with Scientific Notation
      • Metric Notation
      • Metric Prefix Conversions
      • Hand calculator use
      • Scientific Notation in SPICE
    • 5 - Series and Parallel Circuits
      • What are Series and Parallel Circuits?
      • Simple Series Circuits
      • Simple Parallel Circuits
      • Conductance
      • Power Calculations
      • Correct use of Ohm’s Law
      • Circuit Component Failure Analysis
      • Building Simple Resistor Circuits
    • 6 - Divider Circuits & Kirchhoff’s Laws
      • Voltage Divider Circuits
      • Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
      • Current Divider Circuits
      • Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
    • 7 - Series-Parallel Combination Circuits
      • What is a Series-Parallel Combination Circuit?
      • Series-Parallel Resistor Circuit Analysis
      • Re-drawing Complex Circuit Schematics
      • Failure Analysis of Circuit Resistors
      • Building Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits
    • 8 - DC Metering Circuits
      • What is a Meter?
      • Voltmeter Design
      • Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit
      • Ammeter Design
      • Ammeter Impact on Measured Circuit
      • Ohmmeter Design
      • Megger
      • Multimeter
      • 4-wire Kelvin Resistance Measurement
      • Bridge Circuits
      • Creating Custom Calibration Resistances
      • Wattmeter Design
    • 9 - Electrical Instrumentation Signals
      • Analog and Digital Signals
      • Voltage Signal Systems
      • Current Signal Systems
      • Tachogenerators
      • Thermocouples
      • pH Measurement
      • Strain Gauges
    • 10 - DC Network Analysis
      • What is Network Analysis?
      • Branch Current Method
      • Mesh Current Method of Analysis
      • Node Voltage Method of Analysis
      • Introduction to Network Theorems
      • Millman’s Theorem
      • Superposition Theorem
      • Thevenin’s Theorem
      • Norton’s Theorem
      • Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits
      • Millman’s Theorem revisited
      • Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
      • Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions
    • 11 - Batteries and Power Systems
      • Electron Activity in Chemical Reactions
      • Battery Construction
      • Battery Ratings
      • Special Purpose Batteries
      • Practical Considerations of Batteries
    • 12 - Physics of Conductors and Insulators
      • Introduction to Conductors
      • Conductor Size
      • Conductor Ampacity
      • Fuses
      • Specific Resistance
      • Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
      • Superconductivity
      • Insulator Breakdown Voltage
    • 13 - Capacitors
      • Electric Fields and Capacitance
      • Capacitors and Calculus
      • Factors Affecting Capacitance
      • Series and Parallel Capacitors
      • Practical Considerations of Capacitors
    • 14 - Magnetism and Electromagnetism
      • Permanent Magnets
      • Electromagnetism
      • Magnetic Units of Measurement
      • Permeability and Saturation
      • Electromagnetic Induction
      • Mutual Inductance
    • 15 - Inductors
      • Magnetic Fields and Inductance
      • Inductors and Calculus
      • Factors Affecting Inductance
      • Series and Parallel Inductors
      • Practical Considerations of Inductors
    • 16 - RC and L/R Time Constants
      • Electrical Transients
      • Capacitor Transient Response
      • Inductor Transient Response
      • Voltage and Current Calculations
      • Why L/R and not LR?
      • Complex Voltage and Current Calculations
      • Complex Circuits
      • Solving for Unknown Time
    • Vol I. Credits
  • Vol. II - Alternating Current (AC)
    • 1 - Basic AC Therory
      • AC waveform
      • Measurements of AC Magnitude
      • What is Alternating Current (AC)?
      • Simple AC Circuit Calculations
      • Principles of Radio
      • AC phase
    • 2 - Complex Numbers
      • Introduction to Complex Numbers
      • Vectors and AC Waveforms
      • Simple Vector Addition
      • Complex Vector Addition
      • Polar and Rectangular Notation
      • Complex Number Arithmetic
      • Some Examples with AC circuits
      • AC Polarity
    • 3 - Inductive
      • AC Resistor Circuits
      • AC Inductor Circuits
      • Series Resistor Inductor Circuits
      • Parallel Resistor Inductor Circuits
      • Inductor Quirks
      • What is Skin Effect?
    • 4 - Capacitive
      • Resistive AC circuit
      • AC Capacitor Circuits
      • Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits
      • Parallel Resistor-Capacitor Circuits
      • Capacitor Quirks
    • 5 - R, L, and C
      • Review of R, X, and Z
      • Series R, L, and C
      • Parallel R, L, and C
      • Susceptance and Admittance
      • Summary of RLC Circuits
      • Series-Parallel R, L, and C
    • 6- Resonance
      • An Electric Pendulum
      • Simple Series Resonance
      • Applications of Resonance
      • Resonance in Series-Parallel Circuits
      • Resonant circuit Bandwidth and Quality Factor
      • Tank Circuit Resonance
    • 7 - Mixed-Frequency AC Signals
      • Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals
      • Square Wave Signals
      • Other Waveforms
      • Spectrum Analysis
      • Circuit Effects
    • 8 - Filters
      • What is a Filter in AC Circuits?
      • What is a Low-Pass Filter?
      • What is a High-Pass Filter?
      • What is a Band-Pass Filter?
      • What is a Band-Stop Filter?
      • Resonant Filters
      • Summary of Filters
    • 9 - Transformers
      • Mutual Inductance and Basic Operation
      • Step-up and Step-down Transformers
      • Electrical Isolation of Transformer
      • Transformer Winding Configurations
      • Transformer Voltage Regulation
      • Special Transformers and Applications
      • Practical Considerations of Transformers
    • 10 - Polyphase AC Circuits
      • Single-phase Power Systems
      • Three-phase Power Systems
      • Phase Rotation
      • Polyphase Motor Design
      • Three-phase Y and Delta Configurations
      • Three-phase Transformer Circuits
      • Harmonic Phase Sequences
      • Harmonics in Polyphase Power Systems
    • 11 - Power Factor
      • Power in Resistive and Reactive AC Circuits
      • True, Reactive, and Apparent Power
      • Calculate Power Factor
      • Practical Power Factor Correction
    • 12 - AC Metering Circuits
      • AC Voltmeters and Ammeters
      • Frequency and Phase Measurement
      • Power Measurement
      • Power Quality Measurement
      • AC Bridge Circuits
      • AC Instrumentation Transducers
    • 13 - AC Motors
      • Introduction to AC Motors
  • Vol. III - Semiconductors
    • 1 - Amplifiers and Active Devices
      • From Electric to Electronic Circuits
      • Active versus Passive Devices
      • Amplifiers
      • Amplifier Gain
      • Absolute dB scales
      • Decibels
      • Attenuators
    • 2 - Solid-state Device Theory
      • Introduction to Solid-state Device Theory
      • Quantum Physics
      • Valence and Crystal Structure
      • Junction Diodes
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor
      • Junction Field Effect Transistor
      • Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET)
      • Thyristors
      • Superconducting Devices
      • Quantum Devices
      • Semiconductor Devices in SPICE
      • Band Theory of Solids
      • Electrons and Holes
      • The PN junction
      • Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques
    • 3 - Diodes and Rectifiers
      • Meter check of a diode
      • Diode Ratings
      • Peak Detector
      • Clipper Circuits
      • Clamper Circuits
      • Voltage Multipliers
      • Inductor Commutating Circuits
      • Zener Diodes
      • Special Purpose Diodes
      • Other Diode Technologies
      • SPICE models
      • Introduction to Diodes
      • Rectifier Circuits
      • Diode Switching Circuits
    • 4 - Bipolar Junction Transistors
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor as a Switch
      • Transistor Operation Modes
      • The Common-Emitter Amplifier
      • The Common-Collector Amplifier
      • Biasing Techniques of Transistors
      • Transistor Biasing Calculations
      • Input and Output Coupling
      • Feedback
      • Current Mirrors
      • Transistor Ratings and Packages
      • Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors
      • How to Check a Transistor?
      • The Common-Base Amplifier
      • The Cascode Amplifier
      • Amplifier Impedance
      • BJT Quirks
    • 5 - Junction Field-effect Transistors
      • Introduction to Junction Field-effect Transistors (JFET)
      • Junction Field-effect Transistor as a switch
      • How to do Testing of Junction Field Effect Transistors?
      • JFET Active-mode operation
    • 6 - Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistors
      • Introduction to IGFET
      • Depletion-type IGFET
      • IGBT
    • 7 - Thyristors
      • Hysteresis of Thyristors
      • Gas Discharge Tubes
      • Shockley Diode
      • Opto-thyristors
      • Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
      • Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)
      • Field Effect Controlled Thyristors
      • DIAC
      • Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
      • TRIAC
    • 8 - Operational Amplifiers
      • Introduction to Operational Amplifiers
      • Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers
      • Operational Amplifier
      • An Analogy for Divided Feedback
      • Voltage to Current Signal Conversion
      • Averager and Summer Circuits
      • Practical Considerations of Op-Amp
      • Negative Feedback in Operation Amplifier
      • Divided feedback
      • Building a Differential Amplifier
      • Instrumentation Amplifier
      • Differentiator and Integrator Circuits
      • Positive Feedback in Op-Amp
      • Operational Amplifier Models
    • 9 - Practical Analog Semiconductor Circuits
      • Introduction to Power Supply Circuits
      • Radio Circuits
      • Computational Circuits
      • Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
      • Power Supply Circuit Types
    • 10 - DC Motor Drives
      • Pulse Width Modulation
    • 11 - Electron Tubes
      • Introduction to Electron Tubes
      • Triode
      • Electron Tube Parameters
      • Gas-filled Ionization Tubes
      • Display Tubes
      • Microwave Tubes
      • Early Vacuum Tube History
      • Tetrode
      • Beam Power Tubes
      • Pentode
      • Combination Tubes
      • Electron Tubes versus Semiconductors
    • Vol III. Credits
  • Vol. IV - Digital
    • 1 - Numeration Systems
      • Decimal versus Binary numeration
      • Octal and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
      • Numbers versus Numeration
      • Numbers and Symbols
      • Systems of Numeration
      • Octal and Hexadecimal Numeration
      • Conversion from Decimal Numeration
    • 2 - Binary Arithmetic
      • Negative Binary Numbers
      • Binary Addition
      • Subtraction
      • Bit Groupings
      • Overflow
    • 3 - Logic Gates
      • Digital Signals and Gates
      • The Buffer Gate
      • TTL NOR and OR gates
      • CMOS Gate Circuitry
      • Special-output Gates
      • Gate Universality
      • Logic Signal Voltage Levels
      • DIP Gate Packaging
      • The NOT Gate
      • Multiple-input Gates
      • TTL NAND and AND gates
    • 4 - Switches
      • Switch Types
      • Design of Switch Contact
      • Switch Contact Normal State and Make/Break Sequence
      • Switch Contact Bounce
    • 5 - Electromechanical Relays
      • Relay Construction
      • Contactor
      • Solid-state Relays
      • Time-delay Relays
      • Protective Relays
    • 6 - Ladder Logic
      • Ladder Diagrams
      • Permissive and Interlock Circuits
      • Fail-safe Circuits
      • Digital Logic Functions
      • Motor Control Circuit
      • Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
    • 7 - Boolean Algebra
      • Introduction to Boolean Algebra
      • Boolean Arithmetic
      • Boolean Algebraic Identities
      • Boolean Circuit Simplification Examples
      • Exclusive-OR Function (XOR)
      • Boolean Algebraic Properties
      • Boolean Rules for Simplification
      • DeMorgan’s Theorems
      • Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions
    • 8 - Karnaugh Mapping
      • Introduction to Karnaugh Mapping
      • Venn Diagrams and Sets
      • Making a Venn Diagram Look Like a Karnaugh Map
      • Logic Simplification With Karnaugh Maps
      • Larger 4-variable Karnaugh Maps
      • Minterm versus Maxterm Solution
      • Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map
      • Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams
      • Karnaugh Maps, Truth Tables, and Boolean Expressions
      • Sum and Product Notation
      • Larger 5 & 6-variable Karnaugh Maps
    • 9 - Combinational Logic Functions
      • Introduction to Combinational Logic Functions
      • Half-Adder
      • Full-Adder
      • Decoder
      • Demultiplexer
      • Multiplexer
      • Using Multiple Combinational Circuits
      • Encoder
    • 10 - Multivibrators
      • Digital Logic With Feedback
      • Gated S-R Latch
      • D Latch
      • Edge-triggered Latches: Flip-Flops
      • J-K Flip-Flop
      • Monostable Multivibrator
      • S-R Latch
      • Asynchronous Flip-Flop Inputs
    • 11 - Sequential Circuits
      • Binary Count Sequence
      • Synchronous Counters
      • Asynchronous Counters
      • Finite State Machines
    • 12 - Shift Registers
      • Parallel-in Serial-out Shift Register (PISO)
      • Serial-in Parallel-out Shift Register (SIPO)
      • Parallel-in Parallel-out Shift Register
      • Introduction to Shift Registers
      • Serial-in Serial-out Shift Register (SISO)
      • Ring Counter
    • 13 - Digital-Analog Conversion
      • Binary Weighted Digital to Analog Converter
      • R/2R Ladder Digital to Analog Converter
      • Flash ADC
      • Tracking ADC
      • Slope ADC (integrating)
      • Delta-Sigma ADC
      • Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits
      • Introduction to Digital to Analog Conversion
      • Digital Ramp Analog to Digital Converter
      • Successive Approximation ADC
    • 14 - Digital Communication
      • Introduction to Digital Communication
      • Networks and Bus
      • Data Flow Communication
      • Electrical Signal Types in Communication
      • Point to Point Network Topology
      • Network Protocols
      • Practical Considerations of Digital Communication
      • Optical Data Communication
    • 15 - Digital Storage Memory
      • Why digital?
      • Digital Memory Concepts
      • Modern Non-mechanical Memory
      • Non-mechanical Memory Technologies
      • Read-only Memory
      • Memory with Moving Parts: Drives
    • 16 - Principles of Digital Computing
      • Finite-state Machine
      • Introduction to Microprocessor Programming
      • A Binary Adder
      • Look-up Tables
      • History of Microprocessors
    • Vol IV. Credits
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