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Topics: 14 - Digital Communication

You are here:
  • Home
  • Vol. IV - Digital
  • 14 - Digital Communication

Introduction to Digital Communication

Networks and Bus

Data Flow Communication

Electrical Signal Types in Communication

Point to Point Network Topology

Network Protocols

Practical Considerations of Digital Communication

Optical Data Communication

  • Vol. I - Direct Current (DC)
    • 1 - Basic Concepts Of Electricity
      • Static Electricity
      • Conductors, Insulators, and Electron Flow
      • Electric Circuits
      • Voltage and Current
      • Resistance, Electrical Switches
      • Voltage and Current in a Practical Circuit
      • Conventional versus Electron Flow
    • 2 - Ohm's Law
      • How Voltage, Current, and Resistance Relate
      • An analogy for Ohm’s Law
      • Power in Electric Circuits
      • Calculating Electric Power
      • Resistors
      • Nonlinear Conduction
      • Circuit Wiring
      • Polarity of Voltage Drops
      • Computer Simulation of Electrical Circuits
    • 3 - Electrical Safety
      • The Importance of Electrical Safety
      • Physiological Effects of Electricity
      • Shock Current Path
      • Ohm’s Law (again!)
      • Safe Practices
      • Emergency Response
      • Common Sources of Electrical Hazard
      • Safe circuit design
      • How to Use Multimeter Safely?
      • Electric Shock Data
    • 4 - Scientific Notation & Metric Prefixes
      • Scientific Notation
      • Arithmetic with Scientific Notation
      • Metric Notation
      • Metric Prefix Conversions
      • Hand calculator use
      • Scientific Notation in SPICE
    • 5 - Series and Parallel Circuits
      • What are Series and Parallel Circuits?
      • Simple Series Circuits
      • Simple Parallel Circuits
      • Conductance
      • Power Calculations
      • Correct use of Ohm’s Law
      • Circuit Component Failure Analysis
      • Building Simple Resistor Circuits
    • 6 - Divider Circuits & Kirchhoff’s Laws
      • Voltage Divider Circuits
      • Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
      • Current Divider Circuits
      • Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
    • 7 - Series-Parallel Combination Circuits
      • What is a Series-Parallel Combination Circuit?
      • Series-Parallel Resistor Circuit Analysis
      • Re-drawing Complex Circuit Schematics
      • Failure Analysis of Circuit Resistors
      • Building Series-Parallel Resistor Circuits
    • 8 - DC Metering Circuits
      • What is a Meter?
      • Voltmeter Design
      • Voltmeter Impact on Measured Circuit
      • Ammeter Design
      • Ammeter Impact on Measured Circuit
      • Ohmmeter Design
      • Megger
      • Multimeter
      • 4-wire Kelvin Resistance Measurement
      • Bridge Circuits
      • Creating Custom Calibration Resistances
      • Wattmeter Design
    • 9 - Electrical Instrumentation Signals
      • Analog and Digital Signals
      • Voltage Signal Systems
      • Current Signal Systems
      • Tachogenerators
      • Thermocouples
      • pH Measurement
      • Strain Gauges
    • 10 - DC Network Analysis
      • What is Network Analysis?
      • Branch Current Method
      • Mesh Current Method of Analysis
      • Node Voltage Method of Analysis
      • Introduction to Network Theorems
      • Millman’s Theorem
      • Superposition Theorem
      • Thevenin’s Theorem
      • Norton’s Theorem
      • Thevenin-Norton Equivalent Circuits
      • Millman’s Theorem revisited
      • Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
      • Δ-Y and Y-Δ Conversions
    • 11 - Batteries and Power Systems
      • Electron Activity in Chemical Reactions
      • Battery Construction
      • Battery Ratings
      • Special Purpose Batteries
      • Practical Considerations of Batteries
    • 12 - Physics of Conductors and Insulators
      • Introduction to Conductors
      • Conductor Size
      • Conductor Ampacity
      • Fuses
      • Specific Resistance
      • Temperature Coefficient of Resistance
      • Superconductivity
      • Insulator Breakdown Voltage
    • 13 - Capacitors
      • Electric Fields and Capacitance
      • Capacitors and Calculus
      • Factors Affecting Capacitance
      • Series and Parallel Capacitors
      • Practical Considerations of Capacitors
    • 14 - Magnetism and Electromagnetism
      • Permanent Magnets
      • Electromagnetism
      • Magnetic Units of Measurement
      • Permeability and Saturation
      • Electromagnetic Induction
      • Mutual Inductance
    • 15 - Inductors
      • Magnetic Fields and Inductance
      • Inductors and Calculus
      • Factors Affecting Inductance
      • Series and Parallel Inductors
      • Practical Considerations of Inductors
    • 16 - RC and L/R Time Constants
      • Electrical Transients
      • Capacitor Transient Response
      • Inductor Transient Response
      • Voltage and Current Calculations
      • Why L/R and not LR?
      • Complex Voltage and Current Calculations
      • Complex Circuits
      • Solving for Unknown Time
    • Vol I. Credits
  • Vol. II - Alternating Current (AC)
    • 1 - Basic AC Therory
      • AC waveform
      • Measurements of AC Magnitude
      • What is Alternating Current (AC)?
      • Simple AC Circuit Calculations
      • Principles of Radio
      • AC phase
    • 2 - Complex Numbers
      • Introduction to Complex Numbers
      • Vectors and AC Waveforms
      • Simple Vector Addition
      • Complex Vector Addition
      • Polar and Rectangular Notation
      • Complex Number Arithmetic
      • Some Examples with AC circuits
      • AC Polarity
    • 3 - Inductive
      • AC Resistor Circuits
      • AC Inductor Circuits
      • Series Resistor Inductor Circuits
      • Parallel Resistor Inductor Circuits
      • Inductor Quirks
      • What is Skin Effect?
    • 4 - Capacitive
      • Resistive AC circuit
      • AC Capacitor Circuits
      • Series Resistor-Capacitor Circuits
      • Parallel Resistor-Capacitor Circuits
      • Capacitor Quirks
    • 5 - R, L, and C
      • Review of R, X, and Z
      • Series R, L, and C
      • Parallel R, L, and C
      • Susceptance and Admittance
      • Summary of RLC Circuits
      • Series-Parallel R, L, and C
    • 6- Resonance
      • An Electric Pendulum
      • Simple Series Resonance
      • Applications of Resonance
      • Resonance in Series-Parallel Circuits
      • Resonant circuit Bandwidth and Quality Factor
      • Tank Circuit Resonance
    • 7 - Mixed-Frequency AC Signals
      • Introduction to Mixed-Frequency AC Signals
      • Square Wave Signals
      • Other Waveforms
      • Spectrum Analysis
      • Circuit Effects
    • 8 - Filters
      • What is a Filter in AC Circuits?
      • What is a Low-Pass Filter?
      • What is a High-Pass Filter?
      • What is a Band-Pass Filter?
      • What is a Band-Stop Filter?
      • Resonant Filters
      • Summary of Filters
    • 9 - Transformers
      • Mutual Inductance and Basic Operation
      • Step-up and Step-down Transformers
      • Electrical Isolation of Transformer
      • Transformer Winding Configurations
      • Transformer Voltage Regulation
      • Special Transformers and Applications
      • Practical Considerations of Transformers
    • 10 - Polyphase AC Circuits
      • Single-phase Power Systems
      • Three-phase Power Systems
      • Phase Rotation
      • Polyphase Motor Design
      • Three-phase Y and Delta Configurations
      • Three-phase Transformer Circuits
      • Harmonic Phase Sequences
      • Harmonics in Polyphase Power Systems
    • 11 - Power Factor
      • Power in Resistive and Reactive AC Circuits
      • True, Reactive, and Apparent Power
      • Calculate Power Factor
      • Practical Power Factor Correction
    • 12 - AC Metering Circuits
      • AC Voltmeters and Ammeters
      • Frequency and Phase Measurement
      • Power Measurement
      • Power Quality Measurement
      • AC Bridge Circuits
      • AC Instrumentation Transducers
    • 13 - AC Motors
      • Introduction to AC Motors
  • Vol. III - Semiconductors
    • 1 - Amplifiers and Active Devices
      • From Electric to Electronic Circuits
      • Active versus Passive Devices
      • Amplifiers
      • Amplifier Gain
      • Absolute dB scales
      • Decibels
      • Attenuators
    • 2 - Solid-state Device Theory
      • Introduction to Solid-state Device Theory
      • Quantum Physics
      • Valence and Crystal Structure
      • Junction Diodes
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor
      • Junction Field Effect Transistor
      • Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistors (MOSFET)
      • Thyristors
      • Superconducting Devices
      • Quantum Devices
      • Semiconductor Devices in SPICE
      • Band Theory of Solids
      • Electrons and Holes
      • The PN junction
      • Semiconductor Manufacturing Techniques
    • 3 - Diodes and Rectifiers
      • Meter check of a diode
      • Diode Ratings
      • Peak Detector
      • Clipper Circuits
      • Clamper Circuits
      • Voltage Multipliers
      • Inductor Commutating Circuits
      • Zener Diodes
      • Special Purpose Diodes
      • Other Diode Technologies
      • SPICE models
      • Introduction to Diodes
      • Rectifier Circuits
      • Diode Switching Circuits
    • 4 - Bipolar Junction Transistors
      • Bipolar Junction Transistor as a Switch
      • Transistor Operation Modes
      • The Common-Emitter Amplifier
      • The Common-Collector Amplifier
      • Biasing Techniques of Transistors
      • Transistor Biasing Calculations
      • Input and Output Coupling
      • Feedback
      • Current Mirrors
      • Transistor Ratings and Packages
      • Introduction to Bipolar Junction Transistors
      • How to Check a Transistor?
      • The Common-Base Amplifier
      • The Cascode Amplifier
      • Amplifier Impedance
      • BJT Quirks
    • 5 - Junction Field-effect Transistors
      • Introduction to Junction Field-effect Transistors (JFET)
      • Junction Field-effect Transistor as a switch
      • How to do Testing of Junction Field Effect Transistors?
      • JFET Active-mode operation
    • 6 - Insulated-Gate Field-Effect Transistors
      • Introduction to IGFET
      • Depletion-type IGFET
      • IGBT
    • 7 - Thyristors
      • Hysteresis of Thyristors
      • Gas Discharge Tubes
      • Shockley Diode
      • Opto-thyristors
      • Unijunction Transistor (UJT)
      • Silicon-Controlled Switch (SCS)
      • Field Effect Controlled Thyristors
      • DIAC
      • Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR)
      • TRIAC
    • 8 - Operational Amplifiers
      • Introduction to Operational Amplifiers
      • Single-ended and Differential Amplifiers
      • Operational Amplifier
      • An Analogy for Divided Feedback
      • Voltage to Current Signal Conversion
      • Averager and Summer Circuits
      • Practical Considerations of Op-Amp
      • Negative Feedback in Operation Amplifier
      • Divided feedback
      • Building a Differential Amplifier
      • Instrumentation Amplifier
      • Differentiator and Integrator Circuits
      • Positive Feedback in Op-Amp
      • Operational Amplifier Models
    • 9 - Practical Analog Semiconductor Circuits
      • Introduction to Power Supply Circuits
      • Radio Circuits
      • Computational Circuits
      • Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
      • Power Supply Circuit Types
    • 10 - DC Motor Drives
      • Pulse Width Modulation
    • 11 - Electron Tubes
      • Introduction to Electron Tubes
      • Triode
      • Electron Tube Parameters
      • Gas-filled Ionization Tubes
      • Display Tubes
      • Microwave Tubes
      • Early Vacuum Tube History
      • Tetrode
      • Beam Power Tubes
      • Pentode
      • Combination Tubes
      • Electron Tubes versus Semiconductors
    • Vol III. Credits
  • Vol. IV - Digital
    • 1 - Numeration Systems
      • Decimal versus Binary numeration
      • Octal and Hexadecimal to Decimal Conversion
      • Numbers versus Numeration
      • Numbers and Symbols
      • Systems of Numeration
      • Octal and Hexadecimal Numeration
      • Conversion from Decimal Numeration
    • 2 - Binary Arithmetic
      • Negative Binary Numbers
      • Binary Addition
      • Subtraction
      • Bit Groupings
      • Overflow
    • 3 - Logic Gates
      • Digital Signals and Gates
      • The Buffer Gate
      • TTL NOR and OR gates
      • CMOS Gate Circuitry
      • Special-output Gates
      • Gate Universality
      • Logic Signal Voltage Levels
      • DIP Gate Packaging
      • The NOT Gate
      • Multiple-input Gates
      • TTL NAND and AND gates
    • 4 - Switches
      • Switch Types
      • Design of Switch Contact
      • Switch Contact Normal State and Make/Break Sequence
      • Switch Contact Bounce
    • 5 - Electromechanical Relays
      • Relay Construction
      • Contactor
      • Solid-state Relays
      • Time-delay Relays
      • Protective Relays
    • 6 - Ladder Logic
      • Ladder Diagrams
      • Permissive and Interlock Circuits
      • Fail-safe Circuits
      • Digital Logic Functions
      • Motor Control Circuit
      • Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)
    • 7 - Boolean Algebra
      • Introduction to Boolean Algebra
      • Boolean Arithmetic
      • Boolean Algebraic Identities
      • Boolean Circuit Simplification Examples
      • Exclusive-OR Function (XOR)
      • Boolean Algebraic Properties
      • Boolean Rules for Simplification
      • DeMorgan’s Theorems
      • Converting Truth Tables into Boolean Expressions
    • 8 - Karnaugh Mapping
      • Introduction to Karnaugh Mapping
      • Venn Diagrams and Sets
      • Making a Venn Diagram Look Like a Karnaugh Map
      • Logic Simplification With Karnaugh Maps
      • Larger 4-variable Karnaugh Maps
      • Minterm versus Maxterm Solution
      • Don’t Care Cells in the Karnaugh Map
      • Boolean Relationships on Venn Diagrams
      • Karnaugh Maps, Truth Tables, and Boolean Expressions
      • Sum and Product Notation
      • Larger 5 & 6-variable Karnaugh Maps
    • 9 - Combinational Logic Functions
      • Introduction to Combinational Logic Functions
      • Half-Adder
      • Full-Adder
      • Decoder
      • Demultiplexer
      • Multiplexer
      • Using Multiple Combinational Circuits
      • Encoder
    • 10 - Multivibrators
      • Digital Logic With Feedback
      • Gated S-R Latch
      • D Latch
      • Edge-triggered Latches: Flip-Flops
      • J-K Flip-Flop
      • Monostable Multivibrator
      • S-R Latch
      • Asynchronous Flip-Flop Inputs
    • 11 - Sequential Circuits
      • Binary Count Sequence
      • Synchronous Counters
      • Asynchronous Counters
      • Finite State Machines
    • 12 - Shift Registers
      • Parallel-in Serial-out Shift Register (PISO)
      • Serial-in Parallel-out Shift Register (SIPO)
      • Parallel-in Parallel-out Shift Register
      • Introduction to Shift Registers
      • Serial-in Serial-out Shift Register (SISO)
      • Ring Counter
    • 13 - Digital-Analog Conversion
      • Binary Weighted Digital to Analog Converter
      • R/2R Ladder Digital to Analog Converter
      • Flash ADC
      • Tracking ADC
      • Slope ADC (integrating)
      • Delta-Sigma ADC
      • Practical Considerations of ADC Circuits
      • Introduction to Digital to Analog Conversion
      • Digital Ramp Analog to Digital Converter
      • Successive Approximation ADC
    • 14 - Digital Communication
      • Introduction to Digital Communication
      • Networks and Bus
      • Data Flow Communication
      • Electrical Signal Types in Communication
      • Point to Point Network Topology
      • Network Protocols
      • Practical Considerations of Digital Communication
      • Optical Data Communication
    • 15 - Digital Storage Memory
      • Why digital?
      • Digital Memory Concepts
      • Modern Non-mechanical Memory
      • Non-mechanical Memory Technologies
      • Read-only Memory
      • Memory with Moving Parts: Drives
    • 16 - Principles of Digital Computing
      • Finite-state Machine
      • Introduction to Microprocessor Programming
      • A Binary Adder
      • Look-up Tables
      • History of Microprocessors
    • Vol IV. Credits
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