A simple way to make a micromanometer (an extremely sensitive manometer) is to connect two large-diameter vertical tubes by a small-diameter, transparent tube with an air bubble in it. The air bubble becomes the marker for reading pressure along a scale:
Micromanometer
If both of the large vertical tubes are 2.5 inches in diameter, and the transparent, horizontal tube is 0.25 inches in diameter, how much differential pressure will be indicated by 1 inch of horizontal bubble displacement? Assume the use of water for the manometer liquid.
Answer:
1 inch of bubble motion represents 0.02 inches of water column pressure (differential), or 2/100 ”W.C., applied across this micromanometer.
To solve for this pressure, first determine the amount of liquid volume that would have to be displaced to move the bubble 1 inch. Since the bubble resides in a tube 0.25 inches in diameter, the volume for 1 inch of bubble motion is:
(1 inch)[π(0.25 inch / 2)2] = 0.04909 in3
This is a very small amount of liquid volume! The water levels in the larger (2.5 inch diameter) tubes will not have to change much to accommodate this tiny amount of displacement. Dividing the displaced fluid volume by the area of the vertical tubes will tell us how far the water levels must change in each of the vertical tubes:
(0.04909 in3) / [π(2.5 inch / 2)2] = 0.01 inch
So, a vertical liquid column height change of only 0.01 inch will cause a horizontal bubble displacement of 1 inch. Since there will be 0.01 inch of movement in each vertical tube, the combined total vertical displacement is twice this figure, or 0.02 inches of water column.
A much simpler way to solve this problem is to recognize that the vertical tube areas are 100 times as great as the horizontal tube (2.5 inches is ten times as large as 0.25 inches, and area is proportional to diameter squared), so 1 inch of horizontal fluid displacement is proportional to 1/100 inch of vertical fluid displacement.
Once again, since each vertical tube experiences 0.01 inch of vertical water level displacement, the total water column shift is 0.02 inches.
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Credits: Tony R. Kuphaldt