What is Chromatography ?
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun is
pH measurement
Potentiometric pH measurement Color-change is a common pH test method used for manual laboratory analyses, but it is not well
Electrodeless Conductivity Probes Principle
An entirely different design of conductivity cell called electrodeless uses electromagnetic induction rather than direct electrical contact to detect the
Four Electrode Conductivity Probes Principle
A very old electrical technique known as the Kelvin or four-wire resistance-measuring method is a practical solution to the problem
Two Electrode Conductivity Probes Principle
We may measure the electrical conductivity of a liquid solution by passing an electric current through it. The most primitive
Conductivity Measurement
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes. This measurement is one of the
Accelerometer Vibration Probe Principle
In simple language we say that vibration is a movement or mechanical oscillation about an equilibrium position of a machine
Determining the Design Purpose of Override Controls
Override control strategies are a source of much confusion for people who first learning the concept. Perhaps the most fundamental
How to Analyze a Cascade Control Loop?
Let us discuss a steam-heated reactor control system with a cascade strategy, where the temperature controller drives a setpoint signal
How to Analyze PID Controller Actions
The direction of action for a loop controller – either direct or reverse – at first seems like a very