Motor Cooling Methods

In this post, we will learn the various methods of cooling a motor.

Whenever an electrical current is passed through an electrical motor there is a buildup of heat. The amount of heat produced is a function of the work, or loading, done by the motor; the type of electrical signal being sent to the motor; and the eventual changes due to bearing wear and friction.

Whenever AC drives are used to control motors it means that the speed of the motor is going to be changed. And, depending upon motor loading, special attention needs to be given to how the motor is going to be cooled.

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Generally speaking, less speed means less cooling. Different motor cooling designs are available.

Let us have a look at some of them:

Many motors are sized for a particular application, or horsepower rating, so that the heat produced from the current can be accepted and dissipated by the metal content of the motor. Normal convection and radiation dissipate the heat with the aid on an internal mixing fan. These motors are classified as “open drip-proof” or “totally enclosed nonventilated (TENV).”

Other electric motors incorporate a fan blade that rotates at the same speed as the motor shaft. This fan blows air across the outside of the motor, cooling it as it runs. However, if an AC drive is used, the lower in speed the motor is made to run, the slower the cooling fan will run also. This can result in a buildup of heat in the motor. These motors are called “totally enclosed fan-cooled (TEFC).”

Some types of motors use elaborate means for cooling. These are called “totally enclosed water-to-air cooled,” “totally enclosed air over,” and “totally enclosed unit cooled.” Obviously, the more complex the cooling method, the more expensive theactual motor will be.

Another method used is air pipe/tube cooling. In this technique, cooling pipes are formed around motor lamination and a fan is installed at the shaft. The heat generated at the rotor and stator is transferred to the cooling pipes through the fan. Another fan at the non-drive end drives the outside atmospheric air to the cooling pipes. This results in heat exchange, which cools the air and eventually, the motor.

In the last method, there are high chances of dust and dirt accumulating in the motor side, apart from just cooling. So, to prevent this, one more advanced method is used called an air-to-air heat exchanger. In this technique, dust and dirt are prevented from entering the motor parts, as the whole enclosure is covered in a heat exchanger-type enclosure. It is completely similar to the AHU that we use for cooling enclosed rooms.

Selecting a Motor

There are a couple of different strategies used for selecting a motor that will be adequately cooled during operation:

Motor Sizing with Service Factor

One approach is to size the motor with a service factor. A service factor of 1.15 means that the motor has 15% more capacity when operating conditions are normal for voltage, frequency, and ambient temperature.

This 15% extra capacity means that the motor is built and sized when the duty cycle is severe, or the loading and speed range is moderate.

High Motor Horsepower

Another strategy is to simply go up in horsepower, which is how motors are sized. This might put a motor into a larger frame designation, thereby making it weigh more and allowing it to handle a greater amount of heat.

The concern with both of these strategies is that you could end up with a motor that is well oversized for the application. This would cause wasted energy and increase the cost of the motor. Another answer might be to add auxiliary cooling equipment to the motor.

In this way, we understand some general motor cooling methods.

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Motor Cooling Methods