What is Chromatography ?
Imagine a major marathon race, where hundreds of runners gather in one place to compete. When the starting gun is fired, all the runners begin running the race, starting from…
pH measurement
Potentiometric pH measurement Color-change is a common pH test method used for manual laboratory analyses, but it is not well suited to continuous process measurement. By far the most common…
Electrodeless Conductivity Probes Principle
An entirely different design of conductivity cell called electrodeless uses electromagnetic induction rather than direct electrical contact to detect the conductivity of the liquid solution. This cell design enjoys the…
Four Electrode Conductivity Probes Principle
A very old electrical technique known as the Kelvin or four-wire resistance-measuring method is a practical solution to the problem of electrode fouling faced by two-electrode conductivity probes. Commonly employed…
Two Electrode Conductivity Probes Principle
We may measure the electrical conductivity of a liquid solution by passing an electric current through it. The most primitive form of conductivity sensor (sometimes referred to as a conductivity…
Conductivity Measurement
The electrical conductivity of liquids is an important analytical measurement in many industrial processes. This measurement is one of the more non-specific types of analytical technologies, because it does not…
Accelerometer Vibration Probe Principle
In simple language we say that vibration is a movement or mechanical oscillation about an equilibrium position of a machine or component. Vibration is a by-product of an otherwise useful…
Determining the Design Purpose of Override Controls
Override control strategies are a source of much confusion for people who first learning the concept. Perhaps the most fundamental question people find difficult to answer when faced with an…
How to Analyze a Cascade Control Loop?
Let us discuss a steam-heated reactor control system with a cascade strategy, where the temperature controller drives a setpoint signal to a “slave” steam flow controller: Cascade Control Loop In…
How to Analyze PID Controller Actions
The direction of action for a loop controller – either direct or reverse – at first seems like a very simple concept. It certainly is fundamental to the comprehension of…
