Fluorescence
When a high-energy photon strikes an atom, it may eject one of the lower-level electrons from its shell, leaving a vacancy to be filled by one of the electrons already…
Certified Automation Professional (CAP) Exam Questions
The International Society of Automation (ISA) provides sample Certified Automation Professional (CAP) Exam Questions and answers for engineers who are planning to get certification from ISA. Certified Automation Professional Exam Questions…
Gas Filter Correlation (GFC) Spectroscopy
Using filter cells to eliminate wavelengths associated with interfering gases is called positive filtering in the field of spectroscopy. You may think of this as filtering out all the wavelengths…
Active and Passive Fire Protection
Active fire protection systems such as water sprinkler and spray systems are widely used in the process industries for protection of storage vessels, process plant, loading installations and warehouses. The…
How does a Redundant Controller comes in line when the Main Controller fails?
How does a Redundant Controller comes in line when the Main Controller fails in the distributed control system (DCS)? The Processor Card performs calculations and control computation. In case of…
NDIR Analyzer Filter Cells
If other species (Different Gas Components) of gas present in the sample do not absorb any of the light wavelengths absorbed by the one gas we’re interested in measuring, the…
Luft detector Principle
A very clever way to achieve selectivity with a non-dispersive optical analyzer is to replace the thermopiles with a detector more sensitive to the wavelengths absorbed by the gas of…
Safety Gas Analyzers
Process analyzers measure the concentration of specific substances for the purpose of measuring and/or controlling those concentrations in a process stream. Safety analyzers detect the presence of dangerous concentrations of…
Analyzer Sample Systems
Some analyzers measure the composition of a process stream by directly immersing the sensing element in that stream. This is called in situ measurement, which is a Latin phrase meaning…
Dual-beam Non-dispersive Analyzer
One way to improve on the single-beam analyzer design is to split the light beam into two equal halves, then pass each half-beam through its own cell. Only one of…
