PLC Tutorials

#9 PLC Best Practices – Validate indirections

PLC best practices – Validate indirections by poisoning array ends to catch fence-post errors.

Security Objective	Target Group
The integrity of PLC variables	Product Supplier Integration / Maintenance Service Provider

PLC Validate indirections

An indirection is the use of the value of a register in another register. There are many reasons to use indirections.

Examples for necessary indirections are:

Variable frequency drives (VFDs) that trigger different actions for different frequencies using lookup tables.
To decide which pump to start running first based on their current run times

PLCs do not typically have an “end of an array” flag so it’s a good idea to create it in software; the goal is to avoid unusual/unplanned PLC operations.

Example

Instruction List (IL) Programming

The approach can be turned into a few function blocks and possibly even reused for other applications.

1. Create array mask

Check if the array is binary-sized. If it is not binary-sized, create a mask to the next size up on a binary scale. e.g., if you have a need for 5 registers (not binary-sized):

[21 31 41 51 61]

define an array of 8:

[x x 21 31 41 51 61 x]

Next, take the index value to pick up for the indirection – in this example, it is 3.

Caveat: Index begins at 0!

[21 31 41 51 61]

_____ ^

Index: 3

add an offset to it making up for the poisoned end. The offset can be 1 or higher, in this case it is 2:

[x x 21 31 41 51 61 x]

______ ^

Index including offset: 3 + 2 = 5

and then AND the index including offset with a mask that equals the array size.

In this example the array size is 8, thus index 7, so the mask would be 0x07. The mask makes sure the maximum index you can get is 7, for example:

6 AND 0x07 would give back 6.

7 AND 0x07 would give back 7

8 AND 0x07 would give back 0.

9 AND 0x07 would give back 1.

This ensures you always address a value in the array.

2. Insert poisoned ends

Poisoning ends is optional. You would be able to detect manipulated indirections without the poisoning, but poisoning helps to catch fence-post errors because you get back a value that does not make sense.

The point is that at index 0 of the array, there should be a value that is invalid – such as -1 or 65535. This is “the poisoned end”. Likewise, at the last elements of the array you do the same:

So, for the array above, the poisoned version could look like this:

[-1 -1 21 31 41 51 61 -1]

3. Record value of indirection address without a mask

Then record the value of the indirect address without AND mask and offset:

In this example, you’d record 51 for index 3.

[21 31 41 51 61]

_____ ^

Index 3

4. Execute AND mask and compare values (=indirection validation)

Compare your recorded value to the value after you have done the offset and the AND mask.

4a. Case A: Correct Indirection

First, offset:

Index + Offset = 3 + 2 = 5

Second, mask:

5 AND 0x07 = 5

Third, indirection check:

[-1 -1 21 31 41 51 61 -1]

_______ ^

Index including offset: 5

Value = 51 equals the recorded value, so everything is fine.

4b. Case B: Manipulated Indirection

If you now had a manipulated indirection, let’s say 7, let us see what happens:

First, offset:

Index + Offset = 7 + 2 = 9

Second, mask:

9 AND 0x07 = 1

Third, indirection check:

[-1 -1 21 31 41 51 61 -1]

____^

Index including offset: 1

Value = -1 does not equal the recorded value and also indicates your poisoned end, so you’d know your indirection is manipulated.

5. Execute fault/programmer alert

If this validated value is different from your recorded one, then you know something is wrong. Raise a software quality alarm.

Then, check the indirection value. If it is a poisoned value, you should raise another software quality alarm. This is an indication of a fence-post error.

Why?

Beneficial for…?	Why?
Security	Most PLCs do not have any feature to handle out-of-bounds indices for arrays. There are two potentially dangerous scenarios that can stem from indirection mistakes: First, if an indirection leads to reading from the wrong register, the program executes using the wrong values. Second, if a wrong indirection leads to writing to the wrong register, the program overwrites code or values you want to keep. In both cases, indirection errors can be hard to spot and can have serious impacts. They can be caused by human error but also be inserted maliciously.
Reliability	Identifies non-malicious human errors in programming.
Maintenance	/

References

Standard/framework	Mapping
MITRE ATT&CK for ICS	Tactic: TA010 – Impair Process Control Technique: T0836 – Modify Parameter
ISA 62443-3-3	SR 3.5: Input Validation SR 3.6: Deterministic Output
ISA 62443-4-2	CR 3.5: Input Validation CR 3.6: Deterministic Output
ISA 62443-4-1	SI-2: Secure coding standards SVV-1: Security requirements testing
MITRE CWE	CWE-129: Improper Validation of Array Index