Industrial Control Systems - Instrumentation Tools

Direct Digital Control (DDC) Systems

Direct Digital Control (DDC) is the automated control of a condition or process by a digital device. DDC takes a

For better or worse, there are no fewer than three diﬀerent forms of PID equations implemented in modern PID controllers:

A common exercise for students learning the function of PID controllers is to practice graphing a controller’s output with given

A very helpful method for understanding the operation of proportional, integral, and derivative control terms is to analyze their respective

PID control can be a confusing concept to understand. Here, a brief summary of each term within PID (P. I,

The ﬁnal element of PID control is the “D” term, which stands for derivative. This is a calculus concept like

Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing ﬂoat sets the position of a

A fundamental limitation of proportional control has to do with its response to changes in setpoint and changes in process

Imagine a liquid-level control system for a vessel, where the position of a level-sensing ﬂoat directly sets the stem position

Once while working as an instrument technician in an aluminum foundry, a mechanic asked me what it was that I