Combining Independent Sources An inspection of the KVL equations for a series circuit shows that the order in which elements …
Combining Resistors Relatively complicated resistor combinations can be replaced by a single equivalent resistor whenever we are not specifically interested…
Starting at any node in a circuit, we form a loop by traversing through elements (open-circuits included!) and returning to…
A connection of two or more elements is called a node. An example of a node is depicted in the…
Sensors can also be broken down by their wiring configurations. The most common are 2-wire and 3-wire. Two-wire devices are…
The Short-Circuit Consider a resistor whose value is zero ohms. An equivalent representation of such a resistance, called a short-circuit,…
In 1827 the German physicist George Ohm published a pamphlet entitled “The Galvanic Circuit Investigated Mathematically”. It contained one of…
A circuit element is an idealised mathematical model of a two-terminal electrical device that is completely characterised by its voltage-current…
A Programmable Logic Controller, also called a PLC or programmable controller, is a computer-type device used to control equipment in…
GATES are DIGITAL BUILDING BLOCKS. They are called DIGITAL because they operate on digital principles. They require a signal (also…
