Stepper Motor Working Principle
Stepper motors are DC motors that move in discrete steps. They have multiple coils that are organized in groups called "phases". By energizing each phase in sequence, the motor will…
How the Matrix Keypad works with a Micro controller?
The matrix is controlled by a micro-controller. For the above 16-button 4x4 matrix, 8 pins of the micro controller will be used. The first 4 pins will be OUTPUTS and…
Basics of Ground Loops
A ground loop is an undesirable current path in an electrical circuit. Ground loops occur whenever the ground conductor of an electrical system is connected to the ground plane at…
Digital Circuits Questions & Answers
Digital Circuits Questions & Answers 1. In analytical instrumentation, little circuitry is concerned with the amplification and processing of signals. a) True b) False Answer: b Explanation: In analytical instrumentation,…
Logic Families Questions and Answers
Logic Families Questions and Answers 1. Which of the following is the most widely employed logic family? a) Emitter-coupled logic b) Transistor-transistor logic c) CMOS logic family d) NMOS logic…
Pulsed Fluorescence SO2, H2S, CS Analyzer Working Principle
The Pulsed Fluorescence Analyzer operates on the principle that H2S can be converted to SO2. SO2 molecules absorb ultraviolet (UV) light and become excited at one wavelength, then decay to a…
TOC Analyzer Working Principle
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) measurement is commonly used to determine the degree of organic contamination in water. Total Organic Carbon (TOC) is an indirect measure of organic molecules present in…
PLC Sinking and Sourcing Explanation
PLC Sinking and Sourcing describes a current signal flow relationship between field input and output devices in a control system and their power supply.
Sink or Source? Normally Open or Normally Closed?
We discuss concepts of Sink or Source used in electrical circuits or in PLC wiring. Also we deal with basics of normally open contact or normally closed contact.
Tunable Diode Laser Analyzer Working Principle
Tunable Diode Laser (or TDL) measurements are based on absorption spectroscopy. The TruePeak Analyzer is a TDL system and operates by measuring the amount of laser light that is absorbed…
