Thermowell Wake Frequency Calculation
What is a Thermowell Wake Frequency Calculation? A Wake Frequency Calculation is used to determine or prove the required dimensions and suitability of a Thermowell based on the process conditions.…
Thermocouple / RTD Calculator
Temperature Calculator software is based on the conversion tables and calculation as per ITS-90. This software is used to convert the Emf (mV)/Ohms generated by thermocouple & RTD to the…
What is RTD Accuracy ?
The practical accuracy of an RTD will depend on the tolerance of the RTD, the measurement temperature, the accuracy of the mating instrument, and the effects of the interconnecting lead…
Effect of Lead Wire Resistance on RTD
RTDs generally use copper leads bonded to the platinum element. These leads normally connect close to the element and close to each other (so that both junctions will be at…
Types of Control Valves
Control valves are available in different types and shapes. They can be classified in different ways; based on: (a) action, (b) number of plugs, and (c) flow characteristics. (a) Types…
PLC Output Types
PLC outputs are of two types: 1. Relay. 2. Solid state. Relay outputs are mechanical contacts and Solid State outputs are like transistor, TRIAC.
Control Valve Fail Safe Action
There are two primary system considerations centering around an emergency operational situation for control valves. Control Valve Fail Safe Action I. Loss of instrument air supply (IAS) pressure II. Loss…
How Earth Resistance is Measured
The term “earth resistivity” expressed in ohm-centimeters (abbreviated ohm-cm) is one basic variable affecting resistance to earth of an electrode system. But the actual value of earth resistivity need not…
Installation and Maintenance of Control Valves
Installation of a Control Valve When installing a control valve, please observe the following: Before installation, ensure that scales, welding chips or any other foreign materials have been cleaned out…
What is Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) ?
Piping and Instrumentation Diagram (P&ID) is a drawing elaborating the details of piping and instrumentation of a processing plant, developed at the design stage. P&ID is later used for assistance…
