Solenoid Valve’s Energized or De-energized State ?
Solenoid valves may be used in such a way that they spend most of their time de-energized, energizing only for brief periods of time when some special function is required.
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What is a 4-way Solenoid Valve ?
When a pneumatic actuator requires air pressure applied to two different ports in order to move two different directions (such as the case for cylinders lacking a return spring), the
What is a 2-way Solenoid Valve ?
2-way solenoid valves operate in a manner analogous to single-pole single-throw (SPST) electrical switches: with only one path for flow. Solenoid valve symbols often appear identical to fluid power valve
Basics of AC Induction Motors
The basic principle of an AC induction motor is that one or more out-of-phase AC (sinusoidal) currents energize sets of electromagnet coils (called stator coils or windings) arranged around the
Synchronous Counters
A synchronous counter, in contrast to an asynchronous counter, is one whose output bits change state simultaneously, with no ripple. The only way we can build such a counter circuit from J-K flip-flops is
Asynchronous Counters
In the previous section, we saw a circuit using one J-K flip-flop that counted backward in a two-bit binary sequence, from 11 to 10 to 01 to 00. Since it would be
Binary Count Sequence
If we examine a four-bit binary count sequence from 0000 to 1111, a definite pattern will be evident in the “oscillations” of the bits between 0 and 1: Note how
Monostable Multivibrators
We’ve already seen one example of a monostable multivibrator in use: the pulse detector used within the circuitry of flip-flops, to enable the latch portion for a brief time when
Asynchronous Flip-Flop Inputs
The normal data inputs to a flip flop (D, S and R, or J and K) are referred to as synchronous inputs because they have effect on the outputs (Q and not-Q) only in
J-K Flip-Flop
Another variation on a theme of bistable multivibrators is the J-K flip-flop. Essentially, this is a modified version of an S-R flip-flop with no “invalid” or “illegal” output state. Look