How to Test a Transistor ?
An individual transistor can be tested either in-circuit or out-of-circuit with a transistor tester. For example, let’s say that an amplifier on a particular printed circuit (PCB) board has malfunctioned. Good troubleshooting…
How to Select a Fuse ?
Although care is taken to properly design electrical and electronic circuits; overcurrents in the form of short-circuits and overload can occur. The sole purpose of fuses and circuit breakers is…
Difference between Quick Opening, Linear & Equal Percentage Control Valve characteristics
Each valve has a flow characteristic, which describes the relationship between the flow rate and valve travel. As a valve opens, the flow characteristic, which is inherent to the design…
Diaphragm Seal Transmitters Errors
Diaphragm Seal System Elements: Because the transport mechanism of a diaphragm seal system is the fill fluid, it is important to understand the fill fluid physical characteristics. The fill fluid…
Remote Seal Differential Pressure Transmitters Principle
Diaphragm seals or Remote Seal  Differential Pressure Transmitters are traditionally used when a standard pressure transmitter should not be exposed to the process pressure directly. Diaphragm seals typically protect the…
How to Select the Right Type of Controller
Distinguishing Characteristics  P-only Accelerates the response of controlled process Produces offset except for integrating (1/s) processes PI Eliminates offset Usually higher maximum deviations than P-only Sluggish, long oscillating responses Increased…
Testing thermocouples and RTDs using Multi-function Calibrators
Thermocouples and RTDs are the most common sensors used in process temperature measurements. Simulating a process sensor signal into a process instrument or control system input enables a technician to…
RTD Calibration Procedure
Calibrating and testing RTD sensors :Â Typically RTDs are checked while calibrating the connected device, such as a panel meter or temperature transmitter. However, if a problem is suspected with…
Scaling Sensor Output to Engineering Units
Sensor Scaling - Converting Current and Voltage Inputs To Engineering Units Such As psi, Deg C, m3/hr etc... Sensor Scaling It is very often necessary to convert a voltage, millivot…
What is a Fieldbus?
Fieldbus is a digital two-way multidrop communication link between intelligent field devices. It is a local area network dedicated to industrial automation. It replaces centralized control networks with distributed control…
