Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (α)
A Resistive Temperature Detector (RTD) is a special temperature-sensing element made of fine metal wire, the electrical resistance of which changes with temperature as approximated by the following formula: Where,…
Filled-bulb Temperature Sensors
Filled-bulb systems exploit the principle of fluid expansion to measure temperature. If a fluid is enclosed in a sealed system and then heated, the molecules in that fluid will exert…
Bi-metal Temperature Sensors
Solids tend to expand when heated. The amount that a solid sample will expand with increased temperature depends on the size of the sample, the material it is made of,…
Stilling Wells for Level Measurement
Disturbances in the liquid tend to complicate liquid level measurement. These disturbances may result from liquid introduced into a vessel above the liquid level (splashing into the liquid’s surface), the…
Radiation Level Measurement
Certain types of nuclear radiation easily penetrates the walls of industrial vessels, but is attenuated by traveling through the bulk of material stored within those vessels. By placing a radioactive…
Weight-based Level Measurement Principle
Weight-based level instruments sense process level in a vessel by directly measuring the weight of the vessel. If the vessel’s empty weight (tare weight ) is known, process weight becomes…
Magnetostrictive Level Measurement
A variation on the theme of echo-based level instruments, where the level of some process material in a vessel is measured by timing the travel of a wave between the…
How to make RJ45 cable
RJ45 cable is used for connect the ALL HMI and engineer station through a switch to communicated each other. It is used to download the any modification and which is…
Capacitive Level Measurement
Capacitive level instruments measure electrical capacitance of a conductive rod inserted vertically into a process vessel. As process level increases, capacitance increases between the rod and the vessel walls, causing…
Guided-Wave Radar Instruments Diagnostics
Modern radar level instruments provide a wealth of diagnostic information to aid in troubleshooting. One of the most informative is the echo curve, showing each reflected signal received by the…
