Laser Diode Working Principle
A laser diode, or LD also known as injection laser diode or ILD, is an electrically pumped semiconductor laser in which the active laser medium is formed by a p-n…
Photodiode Working Principle
A photodiode is a semiconductor device that converts light into current. The current is generated when photons are absorbed in the photodiode. A small amount of current is also produced…
Photodiode as Variable Resistance Device
The photodiode is a device that operates in reverse bias, as shown in Figure. where Ia is the reverse light current. The photodiode has a small transparent window that allows light…
Limitations of Resistors
Over Heat Of Resistor Resistors are probably the most robust of all electronic components, with high reliability and a long life. It is difficult to damage a resistor by overheating…
Resistors Principle & Applications
A resistor is one of the most fundamental components in electronics. Its purpose is to impede a flow of current and impose a voltage reduction. It consists of two wires…
Light Emitting Diode Operation
The symbol for an LED is shown in Figure. The basic operation of the light-emitting diode (LED) is as follows. When the device is forward-biased, electrons cross the pn junction from…
Varactor Diode Operation
The junction capacitance of diodes varies with the amount of reverse bias. Varactor diodes are specially designed to take advantage of this characteristic and are used as Voltage Controlled capacitors rather…
Zener Diode Limiter
Zener diodes can be used in ac applications to limit voltage swings to desired levels. Below Figures shows three basic ways the limiting action of a zener diode can be used. Part…
Zener Diode Voltage Regulator Operation
The zener diode can be used as a type of voltage regulator for providing stable reference voltages. In this section, you will see how zeners can be used as voltage references, regulators,…
Zener Diode Breakdown Characteristics
The symbol for a zener diode is shown in Below Figure. Instead of a straight line representing the cathode, the zener diode has a bent line that reminds you of the…
