Sink or Source? Normally Open or Normally Closed?
We discuss concepts of Sink or Source used in electrical circuits or in PLC wiring. Also we deal with basics of normally open contact or normally closed contact.
Tunable Diode Laser Analyzer Working Principle
Tunable Diode Laser (or TDL) measurements are based on absorption spectroscopy. The TruePeak Analyzer is a TDL system and operates by measuring the amount of laser light that is absorbed…
Difference between Stepper Motor and Servo Motor
Stepping Motors and Servo Motors are almost same usage for positioning but are entirely different systems, each with its pros and cons. Many are under the misconception that there are…
Difference between Pneumatic, Electrical & Hydraulic Actuators
Major Difference between Pneumatic, Electrical & Hydraulic Actuators. Read about Pneumatic Actuators, Electrical Actuators & Hydraulic Actuators. Pneumatic Actuators A pneumatic control valve actuator converts energy (typically in the form…
Spring and Diaphragm Pneumatic Actuators
Spring and diaphragm pneumatic actuators can be "direct-acting", meaning that air to the diaphragm casing pushes the actuator stem downward. This "air-to-close" action compresses the spring, which in turn pushes…
Encoder Working Principle
Encoders are used to translate rotary or linear motion into a digital signal. Usually this is for the purpose of monitoring or controlling motion parameters such as speed, rate, direction,…
Operation of Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
A rectifier with an appropriate filter serves as a good source of d.c. output. Â However, the major disadvantage of such a power supply is that the output voltage changes with…
pi filter Operation
The below Fig shows a typical capacitor input filter or Ï€- filter. It consists of a filter capacitor C1 connected across the rectifier output, a choke L in series and another…
Choke Input Filter Operation
The below Fig. shows a typical choke input filter circuit.  It consists of a Choke L connected in series with the rectifier output and a filter capacitor C across the load.…
Capacitor Filter Operation
Capacitor filter.  Fig. shows a typical capacitor filter circuit.  It consists of a capacitor C placed across the rectifier output in parallel with load RL. The pulsating direct voltage of the…
