How to tune a PID Controller ?
What PID stands for? It stands for Proportional, Integral, and Derivative controller. It’s a mathematical description of the way you think. PID helps you automatically achieve your goal, exactly the…
Thermistor Working Principle
Thermistors Thermistors are temperature sensitive semiconductors that exhibit a large change in resistance over a relatively small range of temperature. There are two main types of thermistors, positive temperature coefficient…
Resistance Temperature Detectors Working Principle
Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTD) Working Principle Thermo-resistive Temperature Measuring Devices A change in temperature causes the electrical resistance of a material to change. The resistance change is measured to infer…
Thermocouple Working Principle
THERMOCOUPLES A thermocouple is made up of two dissimilar metals, joined together at one end, that produce a voltage (expressed in millivolts) with a change in temperature. The junction of…
Mechanical Temperature Measuring Sensors
Temperature can be measured via a diverse array of sensors. All of them infer temperature by sensing some change in a physical characteristic. There are four basic types of temperature…
Open Loop and Closed Loop Animation
Open Loop Control System A control system in which the control action is totally independent of output of the system then it is called open loop control system. Manual control…
Current Transformer Selection, Operation & Maintenance
Current Transformer: For Selection, Operation, and Inspection & Maintenance In general, large currents (hundreds of amperes) cannot be directly input to powermeters for measuring power. Therefore, the current is passed…
PID Controller Parameters Tuning Manually
Though a variety of methods have been discovered for automatically tuning PID parameters, there are thought to be many cases in which adjustments can be made manually based on experience.…
Basics of Thermocouples and RTD
Thermocouples What are Thermocouples? Thermocouples are temperature sensors. They operate under the principle that the junction of two dissimilar metals (forming a closed circuit) produces a measurable voltage (electromotive force)…
Calculate Process Variable from 4-20mA using Fraction of Measurement
An electronic transmitter with an output of 4 - 20 mA is calibrated for a pressure range of 7 - 10 MPa(g). What pressure is represented by a 12 mA…
