How a Transistor Switch Works
The transistor in Figure is used as a switch to turn the LED on and off. For example, a square wave input voltage with a period of 2 s is applied
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Transistor as a Switch Working Principle
The below Figure illustrates the basic operation of a BJT as a switching device. In part (a), the transistor is in the cutoff region because the base-emitter junction is not forward-biased.