Flow Meter K-factor and Calculations
What is Flow Meter K-factor ? The K-Factor expressed in pulses per unit volume, used to calculate the volumetric flow rate from flow meter.
Integrating Processes – Liquid Level Control
A good example of an integrating process is liquid level control, where either the flow rate of liquid into or out of a vessel is constant and the other flow…
Modbus : History, Structure, Modes, Addressing, Functions
Modbus primary purpose was, of course, to exchange data between PLCs and other devices in the industrial plants.
Self-regulating Processes – Liquid Flow Control
If a liquid flow-control valve is opened in a step-change fashion, flow through the pipe tends to self-stabilize at a new rate very quickly. The following illustration shows a typical…
Process Dynamics and PID Controller Tuning
To tune a feedback control system means to adjust parameters in the controller to achieve robust control over the process. “Robust” in this context is usually defined as stability of…
PID Controller Functions
For any PID controller to be practical, it must be able to do more than just implement the PID equation. This article explains some of the basic features found on…
Fieldbus Control
The DCS revolution started in the mid-1970’s was fundamentally a moving of control system “intelligence” from a centralized location to distributed locations. Rather than have a single computer (or a…
Carbon Monoxide Gas Sensor Principle
Schematic diagrams of Electrochemical-type gas sensor and Chemical reactions Image Credits : figaro Electrochemical-type gas sensor are amperometric fuel cells with two electrodes. The basic components of two electrode gas sensors…
Catalytic Type Gas Sensor Principle
Catalytic-type gas sensor consist of two elements: a detector element (D) which contains catalytic material and is sensitive to combustible gases, and a compensator element (C) which is inert. Combustible…
MOS Type Gas Sensor Principle
MOS Type Gas Sensor Principle In clean air, donor electrons in tin dioxide are attracted toward oxygen which is adsorbed on the surface of the sensing material, preventing electric current…
